Fuel vapor emission control device for an engine

ABSTRACT

Fuel vapor adsorbed by activated carbon  4   a  in a canister  4  is introduced to an engine  10  by a manifold vacuum in an intake air passage  8,  and burnt. The controller  21  estimates the fuel amount desorbed from the canister  4  during purge, using a canister model (physical model) comprising an equation which computes the adsorption amount and an equation which computes the desorption amount from the adsorption amount and purge rate. An injection pulse width output to injectors  15  is corrected to reduce an air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to the supply of this desorbed fuel to the engine  10.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a fuel vapor emission control.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

JP-A-S63-111277 published by the Japanese Patent Office in 1992 discloses a fuel vapor emission control device for an engine. In this fuel vapor emission control device, fuel vapor generated in a fuel tank when the engine has stopped is first adsorbed by activated carbon in a canister, the fuel adsorbed by the activated carbon is desorbed using a manifold vacuum under a predetermined running condition after the engine starts, and the fuel vapor is led into an intake passage downstream of a throttle valve to be burnt.

In the prior art fuel vapor emission control device, the effect on the air-fuel ratio due to the supply of fuel desorbed from the canister to the engine, is treated as a disturbance of the air-fuel ratio, and this disturbance is absorbed by air-fuel ratio feedback control using an oxygen sensor. In other words, if the air-fuel ratio of the engine deviates from a target air-fuel ratio due to purge, this deviation is reflected in the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient, and the fuel injection amount (fuel injection pulse width) is corrected by the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

However, when the purge flowrate is increased, the deviation from the basic value of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient increases, the suppression of air-fuel ratio disturbances other than purge drops, and this causes an increase of exhaust gas emissions (HC, CO). For example, when the air-fuel ratio is controlled to a target air-fuel ratio by varying the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient up to ±25%, if the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient varies by +20% due to purge, the margin of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient on the positive side which can be used for suppressing air-fuel ratio disturbances drops by up to 5%.

It is therefore an object of this invention to precisely estimate the fuel amount which is desorbed from a canister during purge and the corresponding air-fuel ratio in a short time, and permit a large purge amount by correcting the fuel injection amount and decreasing the air-fuel ratio fluctuation based on the estimated air-fuel ratio fluctuation.

In order to achieve above object, this invention provides a fuel vapor emission control device for an engine, comprising a canister which adsorbs fuel vapor generated in a fuel tank of the engine, a purge passage connecting the canister with an intake passage of the engine, a purge valve which opens and closes the purge passage, and a controller functioning to drive the purge valve so that the purge rate is a target purge rate, compute a fuel injection pulse width so that the air-fuel ratio of the engine is a target air-fuel ratio, compute a fuel amount desorbed from the canister using a canister model, correct the fuel injection pulse width based on the computed desorbed fuel amount so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine due to performing purge at the target purge rate is reduced, and drive a fuel injector of the engine at the corrected fuel injection pulse width.

The canister model comprises an equation which computes the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister based on the immediately preceding value of the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister and the immediately preceding value of the fuel amount desorbed from the canister, and an equation which computes the fuel amount desorbed from the canister based on the computed adsorption amount and target purge rate.

The details as well as other features and advantages of this invention are set forth in the remainder of the specification and are shown in the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an overall schematic diagram of a fuel vapor emission control device.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the purge control performed by a controller.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the details of the purge control.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the details of processing which determines whether or not correction processing is possible.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the details of the delay correction.

FIG. 6 is a table specifying a relation between an intake air flowrate and a dead time.

FIG. 7 is a table specifying a relation between the intake air flowrate and a diffusion coefficient.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the concept of dead time processing in the delay correction.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing the details of correction processing.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the details of the computation of a fuel desorption amount based on a canister model.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing the construction of the canister model.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing the details of a target purge rate setting.

FIG. 13 is a map specifying a relation of a purge air-fuel ratio error relative to intake air flowrate and purge rate.

FIG. 14 is a table specifying a relation of the purge air-fuel ratio error to the purge air-fuel ratio.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing a target purge rate setting processing until the canister model starts up.

FIG. 16 is a table specifying the relation between a difference of air-fuel ratio feedback deviations (=target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation−actual air-fuel feedback deviation), and purge rate variation amount.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a fuel vapor emission control device of an engine 10, comprises a canister 4, a pipe 2 which connects the canister 4 to a fuel tank 1, and a pipe 6 (purge passage) which connects the canister 4 to an intake passage 8 downstream of a throttle valve 7, and processes fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank 1.

A vacuum cut valve 3 which opens when the pressure in the fuel tank 1 drops below atmospheric and a bypass valve 14 are provided in parallel in the pipe 2. A purge valve 11 which opens when fuel adsorbed by a fuel adsorbent (activated carbon) 4 a in the canister 4 is desorbed, and a pressure sensor 13 which measures the pressure in the pipe 6, are provided in the pipe 6. The canister 4 has an air port 5. The air port 5 is opened and closed by a drain cut valve 12.

Fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank 1 is led to the canister 4 via the pipe 2, the fuel component alone is adsorbed by the activated carbon 4 a in the canister 4, and the remaining air is discharged to the outside via the air port 5. To process the fuel adsorbed by the activated carbon 4 a, the purge valve 11 is opened, and air is drawn into the canister 4 from the air port 5 making use of the manifold vacuum which develops downstream of the throttle valve 7. In this way, the fuel which was adsorbed by the activated carbon 4 a is desorbed by air, and is introduced to the intake passage 8 of the engine 10 together with the air via the pipe 6 (referred to as purge control).

A controller 21 drives fuel injectors 15 with a pulse width corresponding to the fuel amount required to realize the target air-fuel ratio (usually, the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio) according to the intake air amount detected by an air flowmeter 9. At this time, the controller 21 detects the air-fuel ratio after combustion by an oxygen sensor 18 attached to an exhaust passage 17, and corrects the fuel injection amount according to the deviation from the target air-fuel ratio (hereafter, referred to as air-fuel ratio feedback control). In this air-fuel ratio feedback control, the deviation between the target air-fuel ratio and the actual air-fuel ratio detected by the oxygen sensor 18 is reflected in an air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α.

During purge control, the controller 21 maintains the combustion stability of the engine, sets a high target purge rate (ratio of purge flowrate to intake air flowrate) as far as possible to the extent that exhaust gas emissions are not increased, and drives the purge valve 11 so that the target purge rate is realized. During purge control, fuel and air in the purge gas are supplied to the engine 10, so the controller 21 corrects the fuel injection amount according to the purge rate and purge air-fuel ratio, and suppresses fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio of the engine 10.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the purge control performed by a controller 21.

Each block will now be described. A block B1 computes a maximum purge rate which can be set in the present running region based on performance characteristics of the parts related to purge control, and sets the target purge rate to follow this maximum purge rate. However, sharp variations of purge rate lead to fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio of the engine 10 and give rise to increased emissions, therefore the variation amount of the purge rate is limited so as not to exceed a predetermined amount (purge rate variation amount limit) so that the purge rate does not vary sharply. A block B2 computes a duty ratio of the purge valve 11 required to realize this target purge rate. A block B3 drives the purge valve 11 at the duty ratio computed by the block B2.

A block B4 computes a fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4 when purge is performed at the above target purge rate using a physical model (hereafter, referred to as a canister model) described later. A block B5 computes a correction coefficient FHOS of the fuel injection pulse width so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to purge is reduced based on the estimated desorption amount. A block B6 performs a delay correction, comprising a dead time correction and a diffusion processing, on the correction coefficient FHOS. A block B7 performs a correction of the fuel injection pulse width set according to the running condition based on the correction coefficient FHOS after the delay correction. A block B8 drives the fuel injectors 15 to perform fuel injection at the fuel injection pulse width after the delay correction.

The canister model represents the desorption characteristics of the canister 4 to a high degree of precision, but as it is an approximate model, values computed by using it (desorption amount, adsorption amount, etc.) deviates to some extent from the actual values. Also, the canister model computes the fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4 using the computation result on the immediately preceding occasion as described later, so the deviation between the computed values and actual values increases as the operating time of the model becomes longer due to the accumulation of the error. Hence, to correct this deviation and maintain a high computational precision of the model, when it is determined by the block B9 that it is possible to perform a correction, the controller 21 corrects the value of the fuel adsorption amount of the canister 4 which is one of the internal parameters of the canister model in a block B10.

Specifically, under the condition where all of the air-fuel ratio fluctuation may be considered to be due to purge, the block B9 determines that it is possible to perform correction processing. The air-fuel ratio fluctuation is absorbed by air-fuel ratio feedback control, and it appears as a fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α. When it is determined that the correction processing can be performed, the block B10 estimates the amount of fuel desorbed from the canister 4 from the air-fuel ratio fluctuation (fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α) at that time, and computes the adsorption amount (fuel amount in the canister 4) by inverse computation from the estimated desorption amount.

The value of the adsorption amount in the canister model is then corrected by this value.

The specific details of the control performed by the controller 21 will now be described.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the purge control performed by the controller 21, which is performed repeatedly when purge is performed. In this control, the fuel injection amount (fuel injection pulse width) is corrected according to the fuel amount supplied from the canister 4 to the engine 10 by purge, and air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to purge is suppressed.

In a step S1, it is determined whether it is possible to perform correction of the value of the adsorption amount which is an internal parameter of the canister model. When there is little disturbance of the air-fuel ratio due to factors other than purge, and the effect on the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a due to purge is relatively large, i.e., when it can be considered that the deviation from the target value of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a is effectively due entirely to the effect of purge, it is determined that correction processing can be performed.

Specifically, when the “steady state conditions”, the “purge valve precision condition” and the “purge effect conditions” shown in FIG. 4 are all satisfied, it is determined that correction processing can be performed. When any of these conditions is not satisfied, it is determined that correction processing cannot be performed. This correction processing corresponds to the processing of the block B9 in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 4, the “steady state conditions” are an ignition condition (engine 10 does not misfire), fuel cut condition (engine 10 does not perform fuel cut), blowby gas condition (blowby gas is absent), EGR condition (exhaust gas recirculation rate is constant), throttle opening area and engine rotation speed condition (throttle opening area and engine rotation speed are constant), target air-fuel ratio condition (target air-fuel ratio is constant) and purge rate condition (purge rate is constant). When it is determined that all of these conditions are satisfied and there is little disturbance of the air-fuel ratio except due to purge, it is determined that steady state conditions are satisfied.

As the “purge valve precision condition”, a purge flowrate condition (purge flowrate is greater than a predetermined amount) is set. When the purge flowrate is small, the control precision of the purge flowrate falls and the computational precision in the correction processing described later falls, so when the purge flowrate is less than the predetermined amount, it is determined that the purge valve precision condition is not satisfied. The predetermined value may for example be set to 15 L/min.

As the “purge effect conditions”, a purge execution condition (purge is being performed), purge air-fuel ratio condition (air-fuel ratio of purge gas is richer than a predetermined air-fuel ratio, e.g., the variation amount of a per 1% of the purge rate is higher than 1%) and a purge rate condition (purge rate is greater than a predetermined value, e.g., the purge rate is higher than 3%. This predetermined value is set so that the variation amount of the air-fuel ratio lies within the target range for the system and the frequency of correction becomes maximum) are set. When it is determined that all these conditions are satisfied and the effect of purge on the air-fuel ratio is relatively large, it is determined that the purge effect conditions are satisfied.

Thus, when it is determined in the step S1 that correction processing can be performed, the routine proceeds to a step S3 and correction processing is performed. In the correction processing, the fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4 is estimated from the variation of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α. Also, the fuel amount which was adsorbed by the canister 4 is computed by inverse computation from the estimated desorption amount, and the value of the adsorption amount which is an internal parameter of the canister model is corrected by the value of the adsorption amount calculated by this inverse computation (described in detail later).

On the other hand, when it is determined in the step S1 that correction processing cannot be performed, the routine proceeds to a step S2. In the step S2, it is determined whether or not correction processing has been performed previously. The reason why this determination is performed is because, when correction processing has not even been performed once, the initial value (initial adsorption amount) required to make the canister model function does not yet exist and purge control based on the canister model cannot be performed. If the result of the determination shows that correction processing has previously been performed, even only once, the routine proceeds to a step S4, and if correction processing has not been performed even once, this routine is terminated. However, when correction processing has not been performed even once, it does not mean that purge is not performed. In this case, purge is performed by a purge control (boot-up control shown in FIG. 15) which does not use the canister model, described later.

In the step S4, the fuel desorption amount from the canister 4 is computed using the canister model. Specifically, the amount of fuel desorbed from the canister 4 is computed according to the flowchart shown in FIG. 10 (described in detail later).

In a step S5, a purge correction coefficient FHOS is computed based on the desorption amount and the intake air flowrate. The purge correction coefficient FHOS is computed corresponding to the air-fuel ratio fluctuation (variation of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α) predicted from the desorption amount supplied to the engine 10 computed by the canister model. Specifically, for example, when the desorption amount from the canister 4 increases and the fuel amount supplied to the engine 10 increases, the air-fuel ratio of the engine 10 shifts to rich, and it may be expected that if it were attempted to restore this, the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a would vary to the small side. Hence, the purge correction coefficient FHOS is computed as a small value in order to correspondingly reduce the fuel injection amount in advance. The computed correction coefficient FHOS is sequentially stored in a predetermined data storage area (FIG. 8) of the controller 21.

In a step S6, a delay correction comprising a dead time correction and diffusion processing is applied to the purge correction coefficient FHOS. The reason for the dead time correction is that there is a delay from when the purge valve 11 opens to when the purge gas reaches the cylinders of the engine 10 depending on the displacement velocity of the purge gas and the distance between the purge valve 11 and cylinders of the engine 10. Further, the reason for performing the diffusion processing is that the fuel desorbed from the canister 4 diffuses during its passage to the cylinders of the engine 10.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the details of the delay correction. This corresponds to the processing of the block B6 in FIG. 2.

According to this, firstly, in a step S21, an intake air flowrate is detected from the output of the air flow meter 9. In steps S22, S23, a dead time and a diffusion coefficient are found by looking up tables shown in FIG. 6, FIG. 7 respectively. The intake air flow velocity increases the larger the intake air flowrate, so a small value is set to the dead time. Also, when the intake air flowrate increases and the intake air flow velocity increases, the rate at which the desorbed fuel diffuses also increases, so a large value is set to the diffusion coefficient.

In a step S24, a displacement velocity equivalent value of the purge gas is computed from the dead time. This purge gas displacement velocity equivalent value is computed by inversing the dead time found in the step S22.

In a step S25, the purge correction coefficients FHOS stored in the data storage area (FIG. 8) of the controller 21, which corresponds to the distance between the purge valve 11 and cylinders of the engine 10, are read. In a step S26, the data is shifted to the cylinder side by an amount equivalent to the displacement velocity equivalent value of the purge gas. In a step S27, the average value of the data which has overflowed from the data storage area due to this shift is calculated.

In a step S28, diffusion processing is performed on the average value of the overflowed data calculated in the step S27 using the diffusion coefficient found in the step S22. This diffusion processing is generally diffusion processing using a first order lag, the degree of diffusion increasing the smaller the diffusion coefficient becomes.

FIG. 8 shows the concept of the dead time correction in the delay correction. In the figure, the black points show data before the data shift, and the white circles show data after the data shift.

As shown in FIG. 8, the data storage area corresponding to the distance from the purge valve 11 to the cylinders of the engine 10 is provided in the memory of the controller 21. The correction coefficient FHOS computed according to the fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4 is sequentially stored in the storage area. In the dead time correction, this data is shifted to the cylinder side by an amount corresponding to the displacement velocity of the purge gas (=inverse of dead time). The correction coefficients which have overflowed from the data storage area due to this data shift are regarded as correction coefficients corresponding to the purge gas which has reached and is supplied to the cylinders. By performing dead time processing by this data shift, the computed correction coefficients of the fuel pulse width can all be used for correction of fuel injection even if the dead time varies discontinuously. This avoids ignoring values and avoids the repeated use of certain values for fuel injection correction when the dead time varies. The value obtained by applying diffusion processing to the average value of this overflowed data is then used to correct a fuel injection pulse width Ti described later. In this way, the delay of the desorbed fuel in reaching the cylinder is reflected with high precision in the fuel injection amount correction by means of simple processing.

Returning now to FIG. 3, in a step S7, the fuel injection pulse width (drive pulse width of fuel injectors 15) Ti is computed. Specifically, a basic pulse width Tion is corrected by the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a and the purge correction coefficient FHOS, by the following equation (1) and the injection pulse width Ti of the fuel injectors 15 is computed.

Ti=Tion×FHOS×α×K+TB  (1)

where

Tion=basic pulse width

FHOS=purge correction coefficient (value after delay correction)

α=air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient

K=fuel injector coefficient

TB=fuel injector ineffectual pulse width

The basic pulse width Tion is set according to the intake air flowrate and number of cylinders so as to realize the target air-fuel ratio. The air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a is set to 100% (=1) when the target air-fuel ratio coincides with the air-fuel ratio detected by the oxygen sensor 18, is set to a smaller value than 100% when the detected air-fuel ratio is richer than the target air-fuel ratio, and is set to a larger value than 100% when the detected air-fuel ratio is leaner than the target air-fuel ratio. In this way, the fuel injection amount is corrected so that the actual air-fuel ratio approaches the target air-fuel ratio. The fuel injector coefficient K is the inverse of the ratio of the injector injection amount to the basic value for the same applied pulse time and the same differential pressure, and makes it possible to obtain the same fuel injection amount even using an injector having different injection characteristics. The fuel injector ineffectual pulse width TB corrects for the delay from when a drive voltage is applied to the fuel injectors 15 to open the valve, and fuel is actually injected.

Next, the correction processing performed in the step S3 will be described in detail. FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing the details of this correction processing, and corresponds to the processing of the block B9 in FIG. 2.

First, it is determined in a step S31 whether purge is being performed.

This is because the processing in steps S32, S33 assumes that purge is being performed, and if these processing are performed when purge is not being performed, an appropriate correction can no longer be made. When it is determined that purge is not being performed, the routine is terminated and correction processing is not performed.

When it is determined that purge is being performed, the routine proceeds to the step S32. In the step S32, the desorption amount (mass) is computed by the following equation (2) from the intake air weight found from the intake air flowrate and intake air temperature, purge rate, purge correction coefficient FHOS and air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α:

Dg=K1×(1−DLT+K2×PR)×Qg  (2)

where

Dg=desorption amount

DLT=total air-fuel ratio deviation (=(α×FHOS/100)−100%)

PR=purge rate

K1=coefficient (constant determined by properties of desorbed fuel)

K2=coefficient (constant determined by properties of air)

Qg=intake air weight

The coefficient K1 is a coefficient determined by the composition (average molecular weight) of the desorbed fuel, is found by experiment, and may be set to, for example, 15.2. The coefficient K2 is a coefficient determined by the average molecular weight, average density and average capacity per mole of air, is found by calculation, and may be set to, for example, 1.00672. Equation (2) is an equation for computing the fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4, from the deviation in the air-fuel ratio relative to the basic value (first term and second term on the right-hand side), the purge rate at that time (third term on the right-hand side) and the intake air weight. In other words, it is considered that the deviation in the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a relative to the basic value is completely due to purge, and the desorption amount is estimated from the deviation of the air-fuel ratio.

In the step S33, an adsorption amount Yr (mass) of the canister 4 is computed by the following equation (3) from the desorption amount computed in the step S32 and purge flowrate:

Yr=KD×Dg{circumflex over ( )}(1/n(T))  (3)

where

n(T)=desorption index

KD=desorption coefficient

T=activated carbon temperature

The desorption index n(T) is 2.56 when for example the activated carbon temperature is 20° C. The desorption coefficient KD is a coefficient to correct for the phenomenon that the desorption (or adsorption) occurs in proportion to the concentration difference, and is set so that the unit desorption characteristic of the canister (variation in total weight of canister relative to integrated purge amount) and the canister model output coincide. The unit desorption characteristic is found by experiment, and the desorption coefficient KD is found by calculation from the unit desorption characteristic. Equation (3) is an inverse computation to an equation (5) which is an equation of the canister model described later.

In a step S34, a value Y of the adsorption amount used to compute the desorption amount based on the canister model is replaced by the adsorption amount Yr computed in the step S33. In this way, the value of the adsorption amount used in the canister model can be corrected to a precise value, and the computational precision of subsequent desorption amounts can be improved.

The computation of the desorption amount based on the canister model in the step S4 of FIG. 3 will now be described referring to the flowchart shown in FIG. 10. This processing corresponds to the processing of the block B4 of FIG. 2.

Firstly, in a step S41, the current value Y of the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister 4 is computed by the following equation (4).

[Adsorption Amount Computational Equation]

Y=Yz−Dgz  (4)

Yz=immediately preceding value of adsorption amount

Dgz=immediately preceding value of desorption amount

Equation (4) computes the current adsorption amount Y (mass) by subtracting the desorption amount Dgz on the immediately preceding occasion from the immediately preceding value Yz of the adsorption amount. However, when the correction processing shown in FIG. 9 is performed, the computation of equation (4) is not performed, or the value computed in equation (4) is ignored, and the adsorption amount Yr computed by correction processing in subsequent computations is used as the adsorption amount Y.

In a step S42, the desorption amount Dgk for the basic purge flowrate is computed by the following equation (5):

[Desorption Amount Computation Equation for Basic Purge Flowrate]

Dgk=(Y/KD){circumflex over ( )}n(T)  (5)

where

Y=adsorption amount

KD=desorption constant

n(T)=desorption index

T=activated carbon temperature

Equation (5) applies the concept of the adsorption/desorption phenomenon (Freundlich equation) to the canister desorption. Thus, the fuel desorption characteristic of the canister 4 can be suitably expressed. The Freundlich equation is given in “Theory of Surfaces II”, edited by Tsukada (Maruzen, 1995), p.25-p.27, p. 108-p.115.

In a step S43, the desorption amount is computed by the following equation (6):

[Desorption Amount Computation Equation for Purge Flowrate]

Dg=k×PQ×Dgk  (6)

k=constant

PQ=purge flowrate (=purge rate×intake air flowrate)

Dgk=desorption amount for basic flowrate.

Equation (6) is an equation which computes the desorption amount by a linear approximation from the fact that the purge flowrate and desorption amount are effectively in direct proportion. The constant k is the inverse of the basic purge flowrate. Here, the desorption amount for the basic flowrate is calculated by equation (5), and the desorption amount is computed by multiplying this by the purge flowrate in equation (6), but equation (5) and (6) may be combined into one equation.

In a step S44, the activated carbon temperature T is computed by the following equation (7):

[Activated Carbon Temperature Computation Equation]

T=Tz−Kt1×(Yz2−Yz)+Kt2×(Tz−Ta)  (7)

Tz=immediately preceding value of activated carbon temperature

Kt1=heat absorption coefficient

Yz2=value of adsorption amount two occasions previously

Yz=immediately preceding value of adsorption amount

Kt2=heat transfer coefficient

Ta=canister atmosphere temperature

Equation (7) comprises a past temperature (first term on right-hand side), a temperature drop due to desorption (second term on right-hand side), and a temperature rise due to heat transfer (third term on right-hand side). The coefficient Kt1 is equal to the temperature drop of the activated carbon when 1 g of adsorbed material (fuel vapor) has desorbed from the adsorbent (activated carbon), and corrects for the temperature drop of the activated carbon due to desorption. The coefficient Kt2 is equal to the temperature rise of the activated carbon due to heat transfer when the temperature difference between the environment and the activated carbon is 1° C., and corrects for the temperature rise of the activated carbon due to heat transfer. The coefficients Kt1, Kt2 are found by experiment.

The reason why the activated carbon temperature T is computed, is because the desorption index n(T) in equation (5) is affected by the activated carbon temperature T and the desorption characteristics vary. In particular, when the desorption amount is large, the effect of computational error in the desorption amount on the air-fuel ratio fluctuation is large and high computational precision is required, but when the desorption amount is large, the drop in the activated carbon temperature T is large, so the effect on the desorption characteristics of the fuel in the canister 4 can no longer be ignored.

The canister model comprises the above equations (4) to (7), and if equations (5) and (6) are combined, it comprises three equations. This may be shown graphically by FIG. 11. The canister model comprises a block B41 which computes the adsorption amount, a block B42 which computes the basic desorption amount, a block B43 which computes a desorption amount corresponding to the purge gas flowrate, and a block B44 which computes the activated carbon temperature. These blocks correspond respectively to equation (4) through (7).

Next, the setting of the target purge rate will be described.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing the setting of the target purge rate. This corresponds to the processing of the block B5 in FIG. 2. The purge valve 11 is driven at a duty ratio such that the target purge rate set by this processing is achieved.

First, in a step S51, the air-fuel ratio (purge air-fuel ratio) of the purge gas, is computed based on the desorption amount computed based on the canister model and purge flowrate. In this embodiment, the purge air-fuel ratio is computed based on the desorption amount computed according to the canister model, so the purge air-fuel ratio can be computed economically and precisely. The purge air-fuel ratio may be detected by an HC sensor.

In a step S52, the error in the purge air-fuel ratio is estimated from running conditions, for example, from parameters such as the engine rotation speed, engine load and intake air flowrate. The estimation of the purge air-fuel ratio error is for example performed by looking up the table shown in FIG. 13, the purge air-fuel ratio error increasing as the intake air flowrate decreases or the purge rate decreases. Alternatively, the purge air-fuel ratio error may be found by looking up a table specifying the relation between the purge air-fuel ratio and the purge air-fuel ratio error, as shown in FIG. 14. When the purge air-fuel ratio error has been found, the routine proceeds to a step S53, and the purge air-fuel ratio calculated in the step S51 is corrected based on this error.

In a step S54, a purge rate variation amount limit is computed based on the purge air-fuel ratio after error correction. When the purge rate varies, the air-fuel ratio of the engine 10 varies, and the purge rate variation amount limit is computed so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine 10 is kept within a tolerance width. The tolerance width of the air-fuel ratio fluctuation is set to a width at which it can be absorbed by performing air-fuel ratio feedback control which does not increase exhaust emissions.

In a step S55, a purge rate upper limit PVMX specified by the size of the purge valve 11 is computed. The reason for calculating the purge rate upper limit PVMX is that, if the target purge rate is set larger than the purge rate obtained at the maximum opening of the purge valve 11, the actual purge rate and target purge rate no longer coincide, the error in the computation of FHOS increases so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation increases, and emissions increase. Specifically, if the purge valve size is constant, the purge gas flowrate through the valve increases the larger the differential pressure on either side of the purge valve, so a large value is computed as the upper limit PVMX when the differential pressure on either side of the purge valve is large.

In a step S56, a purge rate upper limit TIMNMX based on the characteristics of the injectors 15 is computed from the relation between the minimum fuel injection pulse width determined according to the characteristics of the fuel injectors 15, the immediately preceding value of the target purge rate and the purge correction coefficient. When the purge rate increases, the fuel amount supplied to the engine 10 increases due to purge, and the fuel injection pulse width is corrected to be shorter so as to decrease the fuel injection amount from the fuel injectors 15 correspondingly. However, to maintain the injection precision of the fuel injectors 15, the injection pulse width must be larger than the predetermined minimum pulse width. In other words, to make the fuel injection pulse width larger than the minimum pulse width, the purge rate must be smaller than a certain value. Due to this reason, the upper limit of the purge rate is specified by the injection characteristics of the fuel injector 15.

In a step S57, assuming all possible running regions that could be reached from the present running region, the minimum purge rate from among these is predicted, and a purge rate upper limit PRMNMX is computed from this minimum purge rate and the purge rate variation amount limit. When for example the vehicle is accelerated by depressing the accelerator pedal to the maximum, the target purge rate is set to a very small value, but if the target purge rate is set to a large value immediately before the accelerator pedal depression is a maximum, the variation amount of the purge rate is limited to below the variation amount limiting value, so the purge rate can no longer follow the target purge rate. This tracking delay increases emissions, so the purge rate upper limit is specified also from the minimum possible purge rate so that this tracking delay does not occur.

in a step S58, the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a is monitored, and if it does not exceed a predetermined value (e.g., 80%), the largest value of the purge rate which makes the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient a higher than the predetermined value, is computed as a purge rate upper limit ALPMX. The reason why this upper limit ALPMX is provided is that, under fuel ratio feedback control, although the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α is controlled to be within 100+25%, if the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α is controlled under the predetermined value and a large amount of purge is performed, the air-fuel ratio is subject to disturbances other than purge and tends to leave the above control range, so in such a case, it is necessary to make the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α larger than the predetermined value immediately.

In a step S59, the smallest value of the above upper limits PVMX, TIMNMX, PRMNMX, ALPMX is selected, and this value is set to the maximum purge rate.

In steps S60, S61, the immediately preceding value of the target purge rate is compared with the maximum purge rate. When the immediately preceding value of the target purge rate is equal to the maximum purge rate, the target purge rate is left at the immediately preceding value (step S63), when the immediately preceding value of the target purge rate is larger than the maximum purge rate, the target purge rate is set to a value obtained by subtracting the purge rate variation amount limit from the immediately preceding value (step S64), and when the immediately preceding value of the target purge rate is less than the maximum purge rate, the target purge rate is set to a value obtained by adding the purge rate variation amount limit to the immediately preceding value (step S62).

Therefore, the target purge rate is set to follow the maximum purge rate within the limits of the purge rate variation amount limit, and the optimum purge rate which can achieve the maximum purge without increasing exhaust gas emissions is set. When the maximum purge rate is set, not only the upper limits PVMX, TIMNMX, ALPMX determined by physical constraints, but also the upper limit PRMNMX determined so that a shift to the maximum purge rate can be performed without delay even if the running region changes, are taken into consideration. Hence, the optimum purge rate can be set to perform the maximum amount of purge without increasing exhaust gas emissions even if the running conditions change.

The processing of the aforesaid canister model cannot be performed when correction processing has not yet been performed and there is no initial value (initial adsorption amount) used by the canister model. However, to achieve a large amount of purge, purge must be performed even before the above correction processing. Thus, a purge rate is set by the boot-up control shown in FIG. 15 instead of the above processing until correction processing is performed, and purge is performed at the set purge rate. In boot-up control, the air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to the purge is absorbed by air-fuel ratio feedback control, and the fuel injection amount is not corrected.

The processing shown in FIG. 15 will now be described. First, in a step S71, the integrated purge flowrate (total purge flowrate from the start of purge) is compared with the volumetric capacity of the pipe 6 (precisely, the volumetric capacity of the pipe 6 from the canister 4 to the purge valve 11). When the integrated purge flowrate exceeds the purge pipe volumetric capacity, the routine proceeds to a step S72, and when it does not exceed the purge pipe volumetric capacity, the routine proceeds to a step S75.

In the step S75, the target purge rate is set to an initial purge rate. The initial purge rate is a small value less than 1%. The reason why the initial purge rate is set to such a small value is that, if the integrated purge flowrate does not reach the purge pipe volumetric capacity, although the gas in the purge pipe is supplied to the engine 10 before purge starts, the air-fuel ratio of the gas in this purge pipe is unknown, and there is a possibility that if the target purge rate setting shown in the step S72 and subsequent steps were performed, the combustion stability of the engine 10 would be impaired.

In other words, if low concentration purge gas present in the pipe is supplied when purge starts and the air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to this is small, it is determined that a large amount of purge could be performed and a large purge rate is set. If a large purge rate is set in this way, all the low concentration gas in the pipe would be supplied, and when the high concentration purge gas which was originally intended is supplied, a large amount of desorbed fuel would suddenly be supplied which would lead to an impairment of the combustion stability of the engine 10.

When the integrated purge flowrate exceeds the pipe volumetric capacity, the routine proceeds to a step S72, and the difference between the actual air-fuel ratio feed back deviation and target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation is computed. The target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation is the deviation between a target value tα of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient and the basic value (100%) of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient (=|tα−100|%). The actual air-fuel ratio feedback deviation is the deviation between the actual air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α and the basic value of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient (=|α−100|%).

For example, if the target value of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α is set to 80% in order to maintain the air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to purge within a range in which it can be fully absorbed by air-fuel ratio feedback control, the target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation is set to 20%.

In a step S73, a purge rate variation amount is calculated according to the difference between the target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation and actual air-fuel ratio feedback deviation by looking up a table shown in FIG. 16. The purge rate variation amount is set to a value which becomes larger, the larger the absolute value of the difference between the target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation and actual air-fuel ratio feedback deviation, so that convergence to the target value is enhanced. Also, different values are set depending on the sign of the difference between the target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation and actual air-fuel ratio feedback deviation, even if the absolute value of the difference is the same. The purge variation amount is set to a large value (absolute value) when the difference between the air-fuel ratio feedback deviations shifts to the negative side.

The reason why different characteristics are set to the purge variation amount depending on the sign of difference between the air-fuel ratio feedback deviations, is that when the difference between the air-fuel ratio feedback deviations shifts to the negative side, the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α takes a smaller value than the target 80%, and compared to the case where it is shifted to the positive side, it is a disadvantageous state wherein the engine stability is adversely affected by disturbances other than purge and emissions tend to increase.

In other words, the reason for changing the characteristics of the purge variation amount depending on the difference between the air-fuel ratio feedback deviations is to rapidly return the control point to the safe side from the viewpoint of engine combustion stability and preventing emission increase.

After computing the purge variation amount as described above, the routine proceeds to a step S74, and the purge variation amount computed in the step S73 is added to the target purge rate computed on the immediately preceding occasion this routine was executed, so as to compute a new target purge rate. In a step S76, the purge flowrate is calculated from the target purge rate and intake air flowrate, and the value of the integrated purge flowrate is updated.

Therefore, according to this processing, the optimum purge rate can be set regardless of the adsorption state of the canister 4. Even if a purge of higher concentration than that envisaged is supplied, the target purge rate is suitably updated according to the air-fuel ratio fluctuation due to this and the optimum purge rate is always set.

In this embodiment, the processing shown in FIG. 15 is performed until the initial value of the canister model is computed by correction processing.

After correction processing is performed, purge is performed based on the canister model, but purge may also be performed at any time by the processing shown in FIG. 15.

Next, the overall operation according to the above control will be described.

In the fuel vapor processing device according to this invention, during purge, the target purge rate is set to as large a value as possible to the extent that the engine combustion stability does not decrease and emissions do not increase, and the purge valve 11 is driven to achieve the target purge rate. During purge, purge gas containing fuel which has desorbed from the canister 4 is supplied to the engine 10, so the controller 21 predicts the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine 10 due to the supplied fuel resulting from purge by estimating the fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4, and corrects the fuel injection pulse width applied to the fuel injectors 15 so as to suppress this air-fuel ratio fluctuation.

The desorbed fuel amount from the canister 4 is precisely estimated in a short time using the canister model represented by equation (4) to equation (7). Due to the canister model, if the specifications of the canister are known, it is only necessary to change the parameters of the model if the vehicle type or canister used is changed, and it is not necessary to reconstruct the maps and tables.

The canister model is an approximate model, and as the desorption amount computed based on the model contains some errors, these errors accumulate as the operating time of the model becomes longer. For this reason, the controller 21 estimates the fuel amount desorbed from the canister 4 from the variation of the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient α, and corrects the value of the adsorption amount which is an internal parameter of the canister model using an adsorption amount obtained by inverse computation from the estimated desorption amount. The correction processing does not require any special sequence to be performed, and it is unnecessary to reduce the purge rate to perform the correction. Also, the correction processing is performed when it is considered that disturbances of the air-fuel ratio other than purge are small and the air-fuel ratio fluctuation (variation of air-fuel ratio feedback coefficient α) is almost entirely due to purge and the effect of purge on the air-fuel ratio is relatively large, so a high correction precision may be expected.

There is a delay from when the purge valve 11 is opened to when the desorbed fuel reaches the cylinders of the engine 10, and as the fuel also diffuses before it reaches the cylinders, the correction of fuel injection pulse width is performed taking this delay and diffusion into account.

Further, the purge control which uses the aforesaid canister model cannot be implemented until the initial value of the adsorption amount is calculated by correction processing, but until the initial value of the canister model is computed, the target purge rate is set according to the difference between the target air-fuel ratio feedback deviation and the actual air-fuel ratio feedback deviation, and the purge valve 11 is driven so that this target purge rate is achieved. In this way, purge can be performed even before the initial value is computed by correction processing, and an effective purge can be performed in all running regions.

The entire contents of Japanese Patent Applications P2001-71562 (filed Mar. 14, 2001), P2001-71563 (filed Mar. 14, 2001) and P2001-71571 (filed Mar. 14, 2001) are incorporated herein by reference.

Although the invention has been described above by reference to a certain embodiment of the invention, the invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. Modifications and variations of the embodiments described above will occur to those skilled in the art, in the light of the above teachings. The scope of the invention is defined with reference to the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A fuel vapor emission control device for an engine, comprising: a canister which adsorbs fuel vapor generated in a fuel tank of the engine, a purge passage connecting the canister with an intake passage of the engine, a purge valve which opens and closes the purge passage, and a controller functioning to: drive the purge valve so that the purge rate is a target purge rate, compute a fuel injection pulse width so that the air-fuel ratio of the engine is a target air-fuel ratio, compute a fuel amount desorbed from the canister using a canister model, correct the fuel injection pulse width based on the computed desorbed fuel amount so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine due to performing purge at the target purge rate is reduced, and drive a fuel injector of the engine at the corrected fuel injection pulse width, wherein the canister model comprises: an equation which computes the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister based on the immediately preceding value of the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister and the immediately preceding value of the fuel amount desorbed from the canister, and an equation which computes the fuel amount desorbed from the canister based on the computed adsorption amount and target purge rate.
 2. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 1, wherein: the equation which computes the desorption amount computes the fuel amount desorbed from the canister based on the adsorption amount computed by the equation which computes the adsorption amount, the target purge rate and the temperature of a fuel adsorbent in the canister.
 3. The fuel emission control device as defined in claim 2, wherein: the canister model further includes an equation which computes a temperature drop of the fuel adsorbent based on the fuel amount desorbed from the canister, and computes the temperature of the fuel adsorbent based on this temperature drop.
 4. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 1, wherein the controller further functions to: estimate the fuel amount desorbed from the canister by considering that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine is due to purge, compute the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister by performing an inverse computation from the estimated desorption amount, and correct the value of the adsorption amount which is an internal parameter of the canister model, by the value of the adsorption amount obtained by the inverse computation.
 5. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 4, wherein the controller further functions to: compute the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister from the estimated desorbed fuel amount, by inverse computation of the equation which computes the desorption amount.
 6. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 4, wherein the controller further functions to: estimate the desorbed fuel amount from the canister from the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine when the air-fuel ratio of the engine does not fluctuate due to disturbances other than purge.
 7. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 4, wherein the controller further functions to: estimate the desorbed fuel amount from the canister from the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine when the air-fuel ratio of the purge gas is richer than a predetermined value.
 8. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 4, wherein the controller further functions to: estimate the desorbed fuel amount from the canister from the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine when the purge rate is higher than a predetermined value.
 9. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 1, wherein the controller further functions to: set a maximum purge rate under the present running condition, set a purge rate variation amount limit based on the air-fuel ratio of the purge gas, and the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine due to the variation of the purge rate, and compute a target purge rate which follows the maximum purge rate by a variation amount less than the purge rate variation amount limit.
 10. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 9, wherein the controller further functions to: set the maximum purge rate less than a purge rate upper limit specified by the size of the purge valve.
 11. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 9, wherein the controller further functions to: set the maximum purge rate less than the purge rate upper limit specified from the characteristics of the fuel injector.
 12. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 9, wherein the controller further functions to: estimate all the running regions which can be reached from the present running region, predict the minimum purge rate in these estimated running regions, and set the maximum purge rate less than the purge rate upper limit computed from the minimum purge rate and the purge rate variation amount limit.
 13. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 9, wherein the controller further functions to: set the maximum purge rate less than the purge rate upper limit specified such that the air-fuel ratio feedback correction coefficient is greater than a predetermined value.
 14. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 9, wherein the controller further functions to: set the purge rate variation amount limit so that the air fuel ratio fluctuation due to the variation of the purge rate can be absorbed by air-fuel ratio feedback control.
 15. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 9, wherein the controller further functions to: compute the air-fuel ratio of the purge gas based on the desorbed fuel amount computed using the canister model.
 16. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 15, wherein the controller further functions to: compute the error in the air-fuel ratio of the purge gas computed based on the intake air flowrate, and correct the computed air-fuel ratio of the purge gas based on the error in the computed air-fuel ratio of the purge gas.
 17. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 15, wherein the controller further functions to: compute the error in the computed air-fuel ratio of the purge gas based on the target purge rate, and correct the computed air-fuel ratio of the purge gas based on the error in the computed air-fuel ratio of the purge gas.
 18. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 1, wherein the controller further functions to: compute a purge correction coefficient of the fuel injection pulse width based on the desorbed fuel amount computed using the canister model, so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine due to performing purge at the target purge rate is reduced, and apply a dead time correction and diffusion processing to the purge correction coefficient.
 19. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 18, wherein the controller comprises: a data storage area corresponding to the distance between the purge valve and a cylinder of the engine, and further functions to: sequentially store the computation results of the purge correction coefficient of the fuel injection pulse width in the data storage area, and perform a dead time correction by shifting the data stored in the data storage area by a value corresponding to the displacement velocity of the purge gas.
 20. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 19, wherein the controller further functions to: compute a dead time to be smaller as the intake air flowrate increases, and compute the value corresponding to the displacement velocity of the purge gas by inversing the dead time.
 21. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 19, wherein the controller further functions to: consider data which has overflowed from the data storage area due to the data shift to be a correction coefficient corresponding to the purge gas which has reached the cylinder of the engine, and apply diffusion processing to the average value of the overflowed data.
 22. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 18, wherein the controller further functions to: vary the degree of diffusion processing according to the intake air flowrate of the engine.
 23. The fuel vapor emission control device as defined in claim 22, wherein the controller further functions to: increase the degree of diffusion processing as the intake air flowrate of the engine decreases.
 24. A fuel vapor emission control device for an engine, comprising: a canister which adsorbs fuel vapor generated in a fuel tank of the engine, a purge passage connecting the canister with an intake passage of the engine, a purge valve which opens and closes the purge passage, means for driving the purge valve so that the purge rate is a target purge rate, means for computing a fuel injection pulse width so that the air-fuel ratio of the engine is a target air-fuel ratio, means for computing a fuel amount desorbed from the canister using a canister model, means for correcting the fuel injection pulse width based on the computed desorbed fuel amount so that the air-fuel ratio fluctuation of the engine due to performing purge at the target purge rate is reduced, and means for driving a fuel injector of the engine at the corrected fuel injection pulse width, wherein the canister model comprises: an equation which computes the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister based on the immediately preceding value of the fuel amount adsorbed by the canister and the immediately preceding value of the fuel amount desorbed from the canister, and an equation which computes the fuel amount desorbed from the canister based on the computed adsorption amount and target purge rate. 